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      <h1 id="操作数据库"><a href="#操作数据库" class="headerlink" title="操作数据库"></a>操作数据库</h1><h2 id="1-结构化语言分类"><a href="#1-结构化语言分类" class="headerlink" title="1. 结构化语言分类"></a>1. 结构化语言分类</h2><p><img src="https://zhuuu-bucket.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/20200210162433.png" alt=""></p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">操作数据库 &gt; 操作表 &gt; 操作表中的字段</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p><strong>几个基本的数据库操作命令</strong> ：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#x2F;*</span><br><span class="line">update user set password&#x3D;password(&#39;123456&#39;)where user&#x3D;&#39;root&#39;; 修改密码</span><br><span class="line">flush privileges;  刷新数据库</span><br><span class="line">show databases; 显示所有数据库</span><br><span class="line">use dbname； 打开某个数据库</span><br><span class="line">show tables; 显示数据库mysql中所有的表</span><br><span class="line">describe user; 显示表mysql数据库中user表的列信息</span><br><span class="line">create database name; 创建数据库</span><br><span class="line">use databasename; 选择数据库</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">exit; 退出Mysql</span><br><span class="line">? 命令关键词 : 寻求帮助</span><br><span class="line"># 表示注释</span><br><span class="line">*&#x2F;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<a id="more"></a>

<h2 id="2-DDL语言"><a href="#2-DDL语言" class="headerlink" title="2. DDL语言"></a>2. DDL语言</h2><h3 id="2-1-操作数据库"><a href="#2-1-操作数据库" class="headerlink" title="2.1 操作数据库"></a>2.1 操作数据库</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">创建数据库 :  create database [if not exists] 数据库名; </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">删除数据库 :  drop database [if exists] 数据库名; </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">查看数据库 :  show databases; </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">使用数据库 :  use 数据库名;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="3-数据库的列类型"><a href="#3-数据库的列类型" class="headerlink" title="3 数据库的列类型"></a>3 数据库的列类型</h2><h4 id="数值"><a href="#数值" class="headerlink" title="数值"></a>数值</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">整数</span><br><span class="line">tinyint   --十分小的数据        1个字节</span><br><span class="line">smallint  --较小的数据	       2个字节</span><br><span class="line">mediumint --中等大小的数据       3个字节</span><br><span class="line">int       --标准的整数          4个字节    (常用)</span><br><span class="line">bigint    --较大的数据	       8个字节</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">小数</span><br><span class="line">float     --浮点数              4个字节</span><br><span class="line">double    --浮点数  	         8个字节</span><br><span class="line">decimal   --(字符串形式的浮点数)    金融计算使用</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="字符串"><a href="#字符串" class="headerlink" title="字符串"></a>字符串</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">char      --字符串       固定大小0-255</span><br><span class="line">varchar   --可变字符串    0-65535     (常用)</span><br><span class="line">tinytext  --微型文本      2^8-1</span><br><span class="line">text      --文本串       2^16-1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="时间日期"><a href="#时间日期" class="headerlink" title="时间日期"></a>时间日期</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">date       YYYY-MM-DD	        日期格式</span><br><span class="line">time       HH:MM:SS             时间格式</span><br><span class="line">datetime   YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS  最常用的 （常用）</span><br><span class="line">timestamp  时间戳  格林威治时间     1970-1-1 到现在的毫秒数（常用）</span><br><span class="line">year       年份表示</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="null"><a href="#null" class="headerlink" title="null"></a>null</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">没有值   表示未知的值</span><br><span class="line">&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;注意：不要使用null进行数值运算，运算的结果都会是Null</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="4-数据库的字段属性-（重要！！！）"><a href="#4-数据库的字段属性-（重要！！！）" class="headerlink" title="4 数据库的字段属性 （重要！！！）"></a>4 数据库的字段属性 （重要！！！）</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Unsigned       无符号的整数   声明了该列不能是负数</span><br><span class="line">zerofill       0填充的       </span><br><span class="line">auto_increment  自增         通常设置是主键 通常可以设置主键的起始值和步长</span><br><span class="line">null		   默认设置</span><br><span class="line">not null	   非空		  如果使用，不填值的话会报错</span><br><span class="line">default 	   设置默认值	如果不指定值，则会有默认的值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>





<h2 id="5-1-创建表"><a href="#5-1-创建表" class="headerlink" title="5.1 创建表"></a>5.1 创建表</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 目标 : 创建一个school数据库</span><br><span class="line"># 创建学生表(列,字段)</span><br><span class="line"># 学号int 登录密码varchar(20) 姓名,性别varchar(2),出生日期(datatime),家庭住址,email</span><br><span class="line"># 创建表之前 , 一定要先选择数据库</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">DROP TABLE IF EXISTS &#96;student&#96;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS &#96;student&#96;(</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;id&#96; INT(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT &#39;学号&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;name&#96; VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT &#39;匿名&#39; COMMENT &#39;姓名&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;pwd&#96; VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT &#39;123345&#39; COMMENT &#39;密码&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;gender&#96; VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT &#39;女&#39; COMMENT &#39;性别&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;birthday&#96; DATETIME DEFAULT NULL COMMENT &#39;生日&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;address&#96; VARCHAR(100) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT &#39;地址&#39;,</span><br><span class="line"> &#96;email&#96; VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT &#39;邮箱&#39;,</span><br><span class="line">  PRIMARY KEY (&#96;id&#96;)</span><br><span class="line"> )ENGINE&#x3D;INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET&#x3D;utf8</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> # 逆向操作（重要）</span><br><span class="line"> # 查看数据库的定义</span><br><span class="line">SHOW CREATE DATABASE school;</span><br><span class="line"># 查看数据表的定义</span><br><span class="line">SHOW CREATE TABLE student;</span><br><span class="line"># 显示表结构</span><br><span class="line">DESC student;</span><br><span class="line"># 设置严格检查模式(不能容错了)</span><br><span class="line">SET sql_mode&#x3D;&#39;STRICT_TRANS_TABLES&#39;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="5-2-修改删除表"><a href="#5-2-修改删除表" class="headerlink" title="5.2 修改删除表"></a>5.2 修改删除表</h2><h4 id="修改表（ALTER-TABLE）"><a href="#修改表（ALTER-TABLE）" class="headerlink" title="修改表（ALTER TABLE）"></a>修改表（ALTER TABLE）</h4><ul>
<li>修改表名：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 旧表名 <span class="keyword">RENAME</span> <span class="keyword">AS</span> 新表名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>添加字段：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">ADD</span> 字段名 列属性[属性值]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>修改字段:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">MODIFY</span> 字段名 列属性[属性值]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>删除字段:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">DROP</span> 字段名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h4 id="删除表（Drop-TABLE）"><a href="#删除表（Drop-TABLE）" class="headerlink" title="删除表（Drop TABLE）"></a>删除表（Drop TABLE）</h4><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">--语法：DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] 表名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">--IF EXISTS为可选 , 判断是否存在该数据表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">--如删除不存在的数据表会抛出错误</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="6-关于数据引擎"><a href="#6-关于数据引擎" class="headerlink" title="6. 关于数据引擎"></a>6. 关于数据引擎</h2><p>MySQL的数据表的类型 : <strong>MyISAM</strong> , <strong>InnoDB</strong> , HEAP , BOB , CSV等…</p>
<p><strong>常见的 MyISAM 与 InnoDB 类型</strong></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"></th>
<th align="left">MyISAM</th>
<th>InnoDB</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">事物支持</td>
<td align="left">不支持</td>
<td>支持</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">数据行锁定</td>
<td align="left">不支持</td>
<td>支持</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">外键约束</td>
<td align="left">不支持</td>
<td>支持</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">全文索引</td>
<td align="left">支持</td>
<td>不支持</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">表空间的大小</td>
<td align="left">较小</td>
<td>较大,约为MyISAM的两倍</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>常规使用操作：</p>
<ol>
<li>MYISAM        节约空间，速度较快</li>
<li>INNODB       安全性高，支持事务的处理，多表多用户操作</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Mysql引擎在物理空间的区别</strong></p>
<p>MySQL数据表以文件方式存放在磁盘中</p>
<ul>
<li><p>包括表文件 , 数据文件 , 以及数据库的选项文件</p>
</li>
<li><p>位置 : <strong>Mysql安装目录\data\下存放数据表 . 目录名对应数据库名 , 该目录下文件名对应数据表 .</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>InnoDB</strong>类型数据表只有一个 *.frm文件 , 以及上一级目录的ibdata1文件</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>.frm 存放表结构</strong></li>
<li><strong>.ibd  存放数据</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>MyISAM</strong>类型数据表对应三个文件 :</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>* . frm  –   表结构定义文件</strong></li>
<li><strong>* . MYD –   数据文件(data)</strong></li>
<li><strong>* . MYI   –   索引文件(index)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="7-设置数据库表的字符集编码"><a href="#7-设置数据库表的字符集编码" class="headerlink" title="7. 设置数据库表的字符集编码"></a>7. 设置数据库表的字符集编码</h2><blockquote>
<p>charset = utf8</p>
</blockquote>
<p>可为数据库,数据表,数据列设定不同的字符集</p>
<p>设定方法 :</p>
<ul>
<li>创建时通过命令来设置 , 如 :CREATE TABLE 表名()CHARSET = utf8; </li>
<li>如无设定 , 则根据MySQL数据库配置文件<strong>my.ini</strong>中的参数设定</li>
</ul>

      
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